Robo-signers, MERS, Slandered Titles
and the Terror Lurking
Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bubble
By George W. Mantor
Introducing the latest pawn in the giant shell game known as “debt securitization.” Oh, it’s a labyrinthine arena in which up is down, good is bad, the lowest level of employees are called “Vice Presidents”, and failure is way more profitable than success.
Here now come the “Robo-signers” who sat at tables and signed thousands of documents per day swearing, “under penalty of perjury”, that they knew the documents were real and not forgeries, and then compounded the fraud by declaring themselves Vice Presidents of whatever bank would have needed to sign the documents, way back when.
Depositions reveal that these “Robo-signers” had absolutely no knowledge of anything they were swearing to, and didn’t even understand how they got to be Vice Presidents.
And yet, those bogus affidavits are actually irrelevant to the larger issue of what the phony paperwork conceals and what it means to 65 million homeowners. Why would they not just submit proper paperwork in the first place?
Because it does not now, and never did, exist.
The biggest joke in the whole securitization scam is that they weren’t securitizing anything. Nada, zippo, zilch. The trusts don’t own anything. It doesn’t really work that way. The end result is a humpty dumpty scenario…it cannot be put back together again. Not without massive forgeries.
Loans that were bundled into pools for the purpose of securitization were never properly transferred. Real estate law, cumbersome though it may be, requires the physical transfer of documents when an interest in the property changes hands. This is known as an assignment.
But, the notes intended for securitization were never endorsed because they were intended to be the security in multiple pools.
Because the assignments were never properly transferred and recorded, the foreclosure mills have tried to go back after the fact and recreate the assignments.
To do that, they needed to “create” all of the missing assignments in the securitization chain.
That required them to design, write, back date, and digitally print fictional documents for what would be, at minimum, four and possibly hundreds of transfers. These would then need to be signed (endorsed) by the transferring party after the fact, and then the signature would need to be notarized.
In some cases, the notaries were in states other than where the documents were signed, and some weren’t yet in existence when the signatures were purported to have been witnessed. Boy, that can be embarrassing.
The “Robo-signers” swore it was all correct and true, but under oath in depositions, they confirmed that the documentation was completely fabricated.
Before Wall Street became immune to prosecution, this sort of creation of documents after the fact was considered forgery.
So, what the “bankstas” are referring to as a few little paperwork errors are, in reality, after the fact attempts to paper over a slandered title.
And, that brings us to MERS: Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems.
MERS shields loan originators from predatory lending claims, takes public property information private, usurps recording fees from counties and truncates the chain of title because it does not record and transfer assignments until after a default has occurred.
In a deposition of R. K. Arnold, CEO of MERS, he admits that they only intended to assign the notes after a default occurred.
If, as numerous laws require, the transfers had all been properly recorded at the county recorder’s office, there would be no cloud on title and no need for all of that perjury and forgery that the “Robo-signers” committed. But, if they recorded them at the county recorder’s office, a physical impossibility, they would show how a single mortgage was leveraged many times over by referencing portions of it in many pools.
But, a few years ago, the “bankstas” and their supporting cast of phony government agencies cooked up a private registry and stopped recording transfers publically. And, that is where the trail of mortgages goes cold. Everyone with a MERS loan has a cloud on title. Even if they keep making their payments, they will not have marketable title in the event they wish to sell.
And, now that this has all come to light, predatory lending, origination fraud, servicing fraud, securities fraud, wire fraud, mail fraud, money laundering, conversion, unjust enrichment, and forgery and perjury to try to cover it all up, what are your congressional leaders doing?
Secretly passing legislation to make it all legal. The Bill, known as H.R. 3808 is intended to bless “Robo-signer” fraud.
Listen to the rhetoric coming out of Washington. The party line is foreclosures have to occur anyway and clogging up the system over a few paperwork problems by overwhelmed employees is no reason to give a deadbeat a free home.
Who says they have to occur? And, what will be the consequences of having 45 million homeless people in our country. No wonder that the fastest growing category of housing is prison…..just sayin’.
FDIC Chairwoman Sheila Bair, commenting on the forgeries and fraud revelations, was concerned that constitutional protections of individual homeowner’s rights would harm the system and that a “global solution” should be quickly enacted to preempt due process.
Others mention something called the “Moral Hazard” of giving lazy dead-beats free homes.
So, if I understand this argument correctly, we must illegally evict people from their homes, deny them their constitutional right to due process, legitimize all manner of tax evasion for the banks, ignore the fraud, accept forgery and perjury to “streamline” the judicial process, and give the people that destroyed our economy a complete pass just so we don’t lose our moral compass.
Whiskey Tango Foxtrot! That’s WTF to you texters. Where have I heard this logic before?
Wait, I remember. It goes something like this, “We had to destroy the village in order to save it.”
Suppose we let them get away with it. Why, because we’ll lose our moral compass? Or, so financial intermediaries, who make nothing and contribute nothing can go right on transferring all the wealth to them?
Isn’t there an even greater moral hazard in choosing banks over citizens and convenience over due process? Having so often referred to ourselves as “a nation of laws”, we would have to find some other way to define what America stands for. Submitted for your approval I propose, “Home of the Banks, Land of the Taxed.”
What it lacks in promise it makes up for in blunt accuracy.
If we allow forgery and perjury to go unpunished, the courts will cease to be effective. It will be worth watching to see how this aspect of employee culpability resolves. Keep in mind that we are talking about hundreds of thousands of willful acts by virtually all mortgage servicers, not a single act by a rogue employee.
Trying to paper over this by “tweaking” the Constitution is a knee jerk reaction that isn’t going to fix the bigger problem. Beyond the difficulty in identifying the true creditor is a larger issue of the tax exempt status of the trusts which are purported to hold the notes.
In addition to making a handful people obscenely wealthy, the plan also allowed for massive tax fraud on several levels.
Known as REMICS, under the IRS code, in order to enjoy beneficial tax treatment, the trust (1) must be passive and (2) cannot acquire any new assets 90 days following the trust’s creation.
If the notes were never properly assigned to the trust when it was established, then the trust does not actually own the underlying mortgages.
If the trusts receive these assignments (assets) at this time, they would have serious tax consequences.
In many cases, the trusts have already been dissolved and the parties satisfied with insurance (credit default swaps) or tarp funds. Thus, there is no legal creditor who could prove standing to foreclose if courts uphold the law.
So, while the judge may be reluctant to give a homeowner a free home, the only other option is to award it to someone who never loaned a dime and doesn’t lose a penny, and ironically, is the party responsible for engineering the entire global economic collapse. Who says crime doesn’t pay?
65 Million Clouded Titles
And, if that weren’t bad enough, the other consequence of this so-called “paperwork problem” is that if it is not known with certainty who owns the mortgage in question, it cannot be released. If the title company is not satisfied that there is a good release on the old mortgage, it will refuse to insure the new mortgage.
Recent buyers of foreclosures and short sales may have bought into more than they bargained for. And, because this is about what is missing rather than part of the record, the only conceivable way to know if there is good title is to go to a title company other than the one that insured the buyer’s title and ask for a quote to insure the title in light of these developments.
If they can’t track all of the assignments, they will either not insure the title or attempt to exclude or “write around” the missing assignments.
The rush, by pretender lenders to foreclose on American homeowners is the final piece of an extraordinary plan. It is an effort to eliminate the evidence of the greatest financial fraud in history. That is what the next few months will reveal as more and more media are forced to confront the facts.
What some are now beginning to acknowledge is bigger than a housing bubble is well upon us.
The Biggest Bubble Ever
So where does that leave us? It may not matter. Residential mortgages are only one small piece of the much larger scam. The vast majority of loans, short and long term, were securitized, leveraged, synthesized, digitized, and used over and over again in multiple pools.
This is just evidence of the mother of all bubbles: the derivatives market. A derivative is an unregulated investment vehicle whose value is not its own but based on something else.
According to the World Bank of Settlements, there are anywhere between $600 and $1,000 trillion invested in derivatives. This is troubling because the value of everything on the planet is only $165 trillion. Uh-oh. Now that has to be a problem.
I’m no accountant so I don’t know how you categorize this, but as an ignorant country boy, I know that if it looks like six people bought and paid for the same tractor, when they all come to pick it up there’s going to be trouble
Let’s assume, just for fun, that there is $1,000 trillion invested in things whose value is not their own but based on something else, and not a measly $600 trillion. It doesn’t really make any difference because, except for $165 trillion, the rest is air.
And, what a lot of air it is. Forget about bailing this out. The annual gross domestic product for the world is only about $60 trillion, so good luck taking up the slack when the economy rebounds.
But, the hole doesn’t end with an $835 trillion derivative bubble. This same counterfeiting has bloated the stock market, bond market, commodities, and precious metals markets. Wall Street’s profits are derived from making the same assets appear in multiple places at once.
All of Wall Street’s bonuses are the by-product of a massive international fraud that suggests that a lot of pension and hedge funds have assets on their books that are vastly overvalued and often nonexistent.
Despite the generous retirement benefits offered to public sector workers, the probability is that they will wind up in the same boat as the rest of us, with little to show for a lifetime of work. Ironically, among them will be judges.
The implications of this vast global over-leveraging are beyond alarming. The fact that neither end of the political spectrum is even willing to discuss this inadvertently sends the message that there is no solution, just delay.
Just because a handful of people tried to steal all the money for themselves is no reason to let them continue or to let them illegally seize what could be as many as 15 million homes when the dust finally clears.
Where those families will live when their home is gone, how they will work when their job is gone, where they will learn when the school is closed, who will treat them when the clinic is shuttered, and what they will eat are the next wave of problems we will need to address. And, with what?
Governments at all levels have already spent the taxes that future generations have yet to pay…and there is nothing left.
I’m the most upbeat, and positive person you will ever meet, but as a writer and researcher, I believe one thing with every fiber of my being…we are headed for some unprecedented change and it won’t be brought about by politicians, but by the unintended consequences of their complicity in Wall Street’s attempt to steal anything that isn’t nailed down.
It will be interesting to watch as, one by one, homeowners begin to understand the significance of these revelations and bring quiet title actions clearing the pretender lenders without risking a default.
That should burst the bubble and there won’t be any more “bankstas”.
It was almost the perfect crime. In 27 states there is no judicial review of the foreclosure process and they met little resistance there. 96% of foreclosures have been uncontested.
Wall Street engineered record defaults to cover the fraud on their investors. Now, as more and more people discover the implications for a quiet title suit, “bankstas” are going to get even more of what they want—defaults.
Strategic defaults and quiet title actions will mushroom. Investors, who couldn’t walk away, fearing massive deficiency judgments, will have the leverage they need to negotiate real modifications with principal reductions.
Only when the lie is revealed and the bubble is burst will economies begin to rebound. A global asset bubble the equivalent of multiple times the values of everything has already been pricked. It is collapsing. The Fed is at the pump 24 seven trying to delay the inevitable, printing money and giving it to the banks.
How can that work other than to make the dollar worthless?
As for me. I don’t care anymore. It’s going to be so much fun watching all of this burn that I don’t mind going up in flame. But for most folks, it will probably be just like the impact of Y2K. They won’t even feel it.
We did just fine before the global profiteers took over. Our communities functioned and we prospered and took care of our own. Before big global retail there was Main Street. I know that I am over simplifying but I also know that farmers will still grow food.
We may have to go back a few decades in the way we did things but it will get done. Even if we have to do it the old way. And that could be the opportunity that propels us forward as a stronger nation.
George Mantor is a nationally respected authority on all areas of real estate and is frequently quoted in a wide range of publications. He is an oft-invited guest of Fox Business Network and for many years, he was the host of “Keepin’ It Real…Real talk about the real thing, real estate” on KCEO radio. His articles have also recently appeared in Real Estate Finance, The Real Estate Professional, National Real Estate Investor, Broker Agent News and Realty Times. His blog is http://www.realtown.com/gwmantor/blog.
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4closureFraud.org
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Robo-signers, MERS, Slandered Titles and the Terror Lurking
Hi, I’m a former cuntree wide loan holder. Now I’m with skank of america. I made skank a slogan “were rich we do what we want, sucka!”. Ne ways. My deed only has mers on it. No mention of cuntree wide or skank of america. And I’m a disabled veteran so loosing my home wasn’t really a big deal. I actually tooped paying just because my 149,000 home I bought in 2007 is actaully worth about 80,000. Cuntree wide jacked up the appraisal. Ne ways. I’m gonna go to court and ile a .. quiet title? Or something.. idk I’m just glad your posting this stuff man… also… I may have posted your link on the white houses facebonk wall… nobody has even heard of this. Its like the banks pay the media and the govt! O.o ha. I called my attorney general and am posting and reposting info on myfbonk wall. To think I could be here 30 years. Pay off my home and still not own it is a risk I’m not going to be taking. Really though I’m about to start calling cnn and fox like a loon if they don’t start covering this. Trust me… I can be one of the most persuasive people you ever met… minus the spelling. But I’m on a phone and don’t proof read or spell check. Thanks again
Bravo George,
You should go even deeper. Let’s explore the reason in general for the bankruptcy remote vehicle. There is a reverse view of what they remote status was for. Start with the notes being actual securities as defined under 15 USC 78c10 due to the term of the instrument being longer than 9 months. Now you have a security and the game changes. The remote status is to keep the homeowner from claiming the security entitlement right to the instrument they created to make the money out of thin air so the banks can steal it and leverage it 90 to one then 90 to one again on the investor money. Should be just enough to pad the banker pockets and buy the most lobbyists in the world.
The notes are being treated as negotiable instruments which in many cases they can never be assigned let alone the requirement of securities needing to be transferred by an affixed allonge not a blank endorsement. Article 3 of the UCC does not apply. It is further that the illustrious Option ARM was never and could never be a negotiable instrument as it have a provision allowing for an increase in the principle amount. This violates the “fixed sum certain” definition under UCC 3-104. Now I wonder why they keep sweeping this junk under the rug.
Now we delve into the underbelly. They cannot have securitization without the Treasury as all of it needs to get chopped up through the STRIPS program 31 CFR 357 and the individual CUSIPs issued so they can be tracked. The security entitlement right is actually due to the party that signed the instrument since the banks are not actually lending money just accounting entries from think air. This is the fun part. Want to prove the RICO case? Lets check where the records are to be tracked.
The STRIPS program requires that they Treasury keep the securities entitlement rights in the National Book Entry System which no one want the “dead beat” homeowner to see as they are the creator of the actual energy and thus the fake money. Take that another step further and you can track the transfers public and private the records of the Depository Trust Clearing Corp. But that isn’t the only place to find this stuff.
The Department of Transportation mandated in 1986 that all agencies were to track all entries into the United States Standard General Ledger at the TRANSACTION LEVEL!!!! This means each and every entry, subsidiary ledger entry, Check, Credit Card transaction all are recorded and tracked. Uh Oh now why do you suppose the courts don’t let us have access to this? How about the IRS as they too have to allow the Original Issue Discount to go along with the STRIPS program so they can discount the paper and start the trading fun.
Who cares about legal standing when they are making serious coin on trading the worthless junk that is really owed to the homeowner. Dead Beat? Try stooge. Enter the fact that all financial transactions are within the admiralty and what do you get? PIRACY. Punishable by life in prison if we want to pursue it.
Wait, how do they get this to happen? Waiver of presentment and dishonor…In every note you sign and that lets them suspend the credit to the homeowner who should receive the credit for the note dollar for dollar. It is a closing or settlement of the transaction after all. Poor Dead beat didn’t know to claim the note and not send the payments. OOPs can you say extortion?
Who owns the notes? The poor dead beat slaves that continue to create wealth for the top 1 % of the criminal enterprise.
Sheila Bair wants this to go away so she isn’t forced to show how much the FDIC launders the money. The loans are required to be transferred to the Treasury before a bank goes insolvent to protect the homeowners surety 31 CFR 202.6 then the only thing transferring to the new bank is the servicing rights to continue the extortion.
Simple plan or decade long RICO enterprise. Wake up America, the sooner you do the better this can be. Peace be with you but watch yourself in church.
I would like the following points regarding MERS to be clear to all:
1) It’s not a PAPERWORK issue – it’s an OWNERSHIP issue. Whenever we see the word ‘paperwork’ describing the MERS scam, we should know that the correct word is ‘ownership’.
‘Paperwork’ is defined as: written or clerical work, as records or reports, forming a necessary but often a routine and secondary part of some work or job.
That is not the issue with MERS. The issue is one of fundamental ownership – which is determined by signed and recorded paper.
2) The most significant and basic nature of the MERS scam has not been discussed. It is, quite simply, that the obfuscatory nature of the MERS system allows the originating lender to sell the initial mortgage MORE THAN ONE TIME. I will demonstrate the implications with a simple example.
Now, it may never be possible to prove that the same mortgages were sold repeatedly. In fact, because of the very nature of MERS, it is likely that it would not be possible to show clear evidence. The point is, however, that by flaunting the existing, centuries-old state property laws, MERS allows for this to happen. It does not guarantee that it happened but it allows for it to happen. It may well be the real reason the chain of titles were broken and the ‘paperwork’ has all gone missing.
An example of the situation MERS allows and the financial implications:
Consider a pre-MERS/pre-securitization scenario for a real estate loan. Bank A originates a $500,000 loan. The $500,000 is used to pay the seller of the house. In exchange, Bank A will receive monthly payments for the next 30 years at (for example) 6 percent. If Bank A decides that it does not want to collect small amounts each month, then it may sell the rights to the bank that will pay them the highest price, Bank B. For whatever reason (its own belief on what constitutes a ‘good interest rate’) – Bank B may pay $525,000 for this loan. The assignment of the loan is done based on the stable, ancient property laws of the state, and Bank A has then made $25,000 profit on this transaction. Bank B then owns the loan and there is no ambiguity.
It would be hard to imagine Bank A being tempted to then sell the exact same loan to Bank C. The reason is that there is very clear evidence at the county recorder’s office that the loan was already sold to Bank B.
Now consider the same situation with the MERS system in place.
Bank A makes the same original loan for $500,000 which is used to pay the seller of the house. Now, when it is interested in selling this loan to the highest bidder, Bank A realizes that because the way things operate now (regardless of state laws), it will not be selling the loan directly to another bank (Bank B above). Instead, it has become customary for Bank A to ‘bundle’ hundreds of loans together and sell them all to ‘investors’ who are probably made up of entities such as mutual funds, city governments, foreign governments, etc. Each of these entities likely represents many people’s money – none of whom really have any idea of which individual loans they are purchasing.
Well, after all the bundling and selling to entities and stuff, it may turn out that, on average, Bank A gets $525,000 for each loan – and so in that way it made the same profit.
In this scenario it is not at all hard to imagine Bank A being tempted to sell this same loan again. Unlike before, when there was ‘Bank B’ and ‘Bank C’ and very clear records at the county recorder’s office, there is no ‘Bank B’ but only a mish-mash of bundled loans sold to investors/entities who do not know which loans they have bought — and by the way — the documents have been ‘lost’. In this scenario, it is all too tempting to sell this same loan to the securitized version of ‘Bank C’ – which is the same loan bundled with hundreds of other loans – sold to vague entities who do not know what they have really bought.
Comparing the two scenarios, one might think that Bank A has just doubled its profit. It has just sold the loan twice after all. Wrong! In the second scenario, Bank A has made more than 20 times its profit. In the original scenario, Bank A’s profit is ($525,000 – $500,000) = $25,000. Of course, if the loan is fraudulently sold a second time, then all of the $525,000 from that sale would be (illegal) profit because there would be no transfer of $500,000 to the original seller of the house, as was done with the initial loan. Therefore, Bank A’s profit would be ($25,000 + $525,000) = $550,000.
Bank A has increased its profit by 22 times simply by bundling/schmundling. Is that possible to prove? Probably not, given the destruction of so many documents and the entire system of banks/lawyers/politiicans/lobbyists, etc. But it is not necessary to prove any of this. It is only necessary to realize that the system allows for this, it encourages it, and it is likely the key driving dynamic to all we are seeing unfold. It is far more likely than the latest explanations in the media that banks “wanted to evade fees at the county recorders’ offices”.
It explains why we are where we are. The remedy, of course, is to adhere strictly to the state property laws which have been the same for centuries. These laws require clear, recorded, signed documents which do not allow the above confusion to exist. The courts must simply enforce these laws and let the chips fall where they may. If past foreclosures need to be voided, then so be it.
Fred Smith
They are really calling us all out aren’t they? Problem for them is we all now know WHO the “DEADBEATS” are and WHO BROKE THE LAW in the biggest Ponzi Scheme in history followed by an INTENTIONAL COLLAPSE OF THE ECONOMY and the THEFT OF OUR WEALTH which caused MASSIVE JOB AND BUSINESS LOSS for millions of people in this country and around the entire world. They caused GLOBAL ECONOMIC CHAOS Now they want to COLLECT OUR HOMES and IMPOSE HYPER-INFLATED TAXES under the guise of FRAUDULENTLY INDUCED MORTGAGE LOANS which are UNSECURITIZED FAKE DEBT that THEY CREATED. Our homes have been paid for BY US for a NOMINAL FEE since origination so they could commit a massive fraud in all of OUR NAMES (COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS). They took it upon themselves to ASSUME OUR COLLATERAL, AS THEIRS. THAT IS WHY THEY NEVER SECURED THE DEBT ASSIGNED OR RECORDED OR KEPT A CLEAR CHAIN OF TITLE. . THERE NEVER WAS A DEBT. THAT IS WHY THEY COULD NOT GIVE LOAN MODS. They all need to be smoked out of their fox holes, INDICTED and PROSECUTED, PROVEN GUILTY and FINED and thrown into PRISON for their white collar crimes. They are trying to cause the whole planet to become a ‘PRISON PLANET’ of lifetime debtors. They want to own all of us.
I would ask the judge to also require a substantial bond from the other party as well. And also request a waiver of the bond due to financial hardship. I believe that in Ohio you may be successful with that request. Your case is most likely based on the fact that you have been financially harmed by this crooks, That what is in between the lines in all of these cases
“Thursday, January 20, 2011
Homeowners’ response to banks’ dual track mod/foreclosure system
Homeowners are rightfully disgusted with the banksters’ loan mod / foreclosure dual track system, whereby a bank will pretend to negotiate a modification, put the homeowner on a “trial period” of 3 months, then extend the trial period to about a year, and then suddenly announce that the homeowner does not qualify for a permanent modification. The bank will then re-start the process of negotiating for a mod, but at the same time will put the homeowner on the foreclosure track, and then foreclose behind the homeowner’s back under this loan-mod/foreclosure “dual track” system.
It’s time for the homeowners to fight back. Clearly, the banks have much more incentive to squeeze the borrowers out of another year of payments and then take the house by foreclosure on top of that. The government’s $1000.00 “incentive” per permanent mod is laughable compared to all the incentives to foreclose.
So the way for the homeowners to fight back is to put the banks on a dual track system. It goes like this. Homeowner will pretend to negotiate a mod just like the bank is pretending to do so. At the same time, however, homeowner will file a Quiet Title action against the parties of record.
You see, most “bubble” loans, especially MERS loans, contain a latent defect. The defect is that the loan has been transferred away from the original pretender-lender, but the new party’s interest is not recorded. At least not until default, when the new party will start preparing to foreclose.
As long as that interest remains unrecorded (and that is that party’s choice and not your fault), the new party is not entitled to any notice as to any changes in the ownership of the property or adding/removing encumbrances, nullification of a prior deed of trust, etc.
So, if the homeowner successfully challenges the encumbrance (the deed of trust or mortgage) based on TILA/RESPA violations, table-funding, unrelatedness to the reality of the transaction (failure to name actual parties, etc.), and other defects, the pretender-lender will not even have a chance to defend against such challenge for the simple reason that its putative “interest” is unrecorded and they are not entitled to any notice, while the party whose interest is recorded does not care anymore, as they have sold/transferred the loan. Moreover, the original pretender-lender is likely long one, in bankruptcy, etc.
Those of you especially with MERS loans – its time to stop this loan mod nonsense at the expense of taxpayer bailouts and play hard ball. Put your bank, which doesn’t usually have a scintilla of interest in your home, on a dual track system of loan-mod/quiet-title!
Posted by Attorney Gregory Bryl ”
Found this in bryllaw.blogspot.com , I think this a track that has been proven to work as it it in UTAH.
In all states including non-judicial, and all those 65,000,000 loans with MERS on the DOT the note was split from the mortgage and the title chain is totally destroyed. Sue the original lender on record for quiet title, the rest are really non consequential. They would have to challenge you in court and prove they are who they are and have the rights the claim to have.
Wow! I just got a Preliminary Injunction to stop the eviction from my home based on these Robo Signers in all MERS, Franklin Credit and 50 by 50 REO LLC. This took place in Ohio yesterday. Now, does anyone know how to waive the “Supercedeous Bond” required to proceed with the Appeal here? I believe it’s at the Discretion of the Judge.
If anyone has the answer please post it!!! I have 5 days to present it to the Judge and im on my way to defeating these dirty, greedy, lying crooks. Help me out Web Family!!